Trust AODV

  Trust can be evaluated in enormous ways in AODV protocol . Trusting the neighborhood  nodes is vital and prominent in network while transferring the data to destination. As all act as routers in MANET, its necessary to trust the neighbor node and communicate.  Below are trust worthy measures in NS2 aodv protocol .

1.Acknowledgements

2 Packet Precision

3 Gratuitous Route Replies

4 Blacklists

5 Hello Packets

6 Destination Unreachable Messages

For Complete Implementation  if TRUST AODV protocol in NS2 :  CLICK HERE

Easy way to make money online

Hello pals, 
                There are enormous ways to make money online. your investment is all about your time and interest towards building it. Most of the people who hate to go offices , want to stay in home and do some googling , house wives started looking for online opportunities. Here are the questions related to online money making and possible solutions. 

How to earn money online?
What are the possible ways to earn money online?
Resources for earning money ?
How to earn  money though your acquired knowledge?
How to earn money from Online affiliates advertising ? 
Is there a way to earn money online?
How online advertisements earn money?
What is Google Adsense?
Online marketing ?
Online advertising?
How to do online job?
Online jobs?
What is chitika , infolinks, bidvertiser, adcash ,online affiliating? 

  1. Online Affiliates 

  This is one of the best way to earn money. The affiliated company you are working for gives percentage for each product you recommended .You need large audiences to make it success. 
An example might be a blog you are running  like me. if you blog points out only one area of expertise then recommend the products related to that . if user clicks on it and buys the product then you will get the percentage.  Flipkart, Amazon , eBay and many other e-commerce companies offers this service

2. Online advertising

     This way is simple but gets good traffic to your web site. If you get a decent traffic to your web site and click on the advertisement in your site, you will get money like PPC (pay per click ). 
      2.1 Chitika
      2.2 Bidvertiser
      2.3 infolinks
      2.4 AdCash 
     and other reputed companies offer position like publisher and pay money based on the clicks . These companies use all kind of web intelligence to detect the click and audience in your web site. 

3. Web Domain Flipping 

           Yes !!! This is like a hot cake in this decade. Most of the people doing this business like a real estates. Investment is to digg the upcoming events , movies, music , offical companies and buy the domains before they plan to do it. yes (for example CPC.com, sold for $200,000 when Contract Pharmaceutical Corporation decided to go online.^[1])

4. Free Lancer
           
         " If you are good at something , never do it for free". yes, freelancer.com is way to bid for projects and show your skills to design and develop the project. many people focusing on this and gaining money. your investment is your skills , no. of projects and experience. Pay goes on as your work goes on !! 

5. Online Surveys

       Perform some online surveys to earn a little bit of money.( www.ODesk.com offers money for those who participate in online surveys.)

6. Sell Books , Music             
    
        Try to sell your e-books , musics composed by you or your friends in your network. 

7. Online Mystery shopping
        
      Perform some online mystery shopping to get the things for free .Generally Its main objective is to check the performance  of staff , way of interacting , delivering the product , showing the other alternatives, customer satisfaction etc.  Now everything online. one has to perform the shopping online and tell their experiences (mysteryshopppingonline.com)


8. UC Browser union

       UC Browser allows publishers to gain money by publishing their brand and make users install the browser. One can get money for every installation. you should have skills to make user install the browser. 


9. Start a blog and write useful content

           One can start a blog and write some useful posts there by generating good traffic to your blog. once you get decent visitors per day then advertisement companies follows you . one can generate money through most popular Google advertisements Adsense.


10. Prepare Online courses and tutorials
              You can earn money through online course generation. Most of the faculties and students prepare videos on the subject they are expertise at and deliver it hugh online audience. Udemy.com is the best one for online courses and tutorials. If you are good at something then deliver it to the world . Here one has to register a course and prepare videos for teaching the course. Best possible way to earn money these days. 

11. Contests 
            If you are computer geek then participate in Online coding rounds (www.codechef.com) is the best web site for online coding rounds and earning money. This improves your coding knowledge as well gain some money. check out other online contest and participate to secure some amount to your pocket. 

Test Ns-2 application in UC browser

Hello pals,
                    UC Browser is the worlds fastest browser for mobile browsing.Its developed by Chinese based UCWeb company Its highly recommended for low internet usage and high availability. 'one can get 3G speed in 2 G SIM using UC broswer inbuilt data optimization techiniques. Just a try and get benefit from it .For more info Click Here

                    Best CPU and RAM utilization while browsing. one can always test the network parameters in this browser. Network parameters like Threshold, Bandwidth , Jitter, Delay , Packet delivery ratio  are highly addressed in this browser.

                  Test your NS-2 deployed application in UC Browser. UC browser designed with high level parsing and cache handling techniques.
           
                   Free UC browser download with out play store ,nokia store and apple store. For all types of devices like PC's , Mobile's , Java based.  

                   

                        UC Browser : Download

NAM colors,annotations

Hello pals, 

                   One can always enchance the look and feel of  NAM UI . it mainly helpful while demonstrating to others. 

                   Colors , annotations, labels, packet colors, control play back all these plays vital role in enriching NAM animator in NS2

                   We will see one by one . 

   

1. Wired Link options

$ns duplex-link-op $n1 $n2 label “user defined text here”

$ns duplex-link-op $n1 $n2 color blue

$ns duplex-link-op $n1 $n2 label-at up

$ns duplex-link-op $n1 $n2 label-color green

2. Node options — color, shape, label

    $n1 ---> means node 1 that you defined in your Tcl file . 

$n1 color blue    // sets the node color to blue
$n1 shape hexagon

$n1 label-at up // sets the label up the link
$n2 label “user defined text here”   // sets for node 2
$n2 label-color green // label color set to green

3.Packet colors

$agent set fid_ $node
$ns color $node blue 
4. Control playback
$ns set-animation-rate 3ms   // control playback time in milli seconds

5. Annotation

set text "this is annotation shows at run time of nam"

set time 4.0
$ns at $time “$ns trace-annotate $text”  // at 4.0 , an annotation will display 

 //  its highly useful when packet transfer completed or show some attacks in the networks.transmission rate, no of nodes in the network etc..

Generate Patch in NS2

Patch 

         In general , patch means a piece of cloth or other material used to mend or strengthen a torn or weak point. In networks , it means to apply the modifications to the existing file. its a kind of diff between existing and modified one. 

 "diff" command is used to generate patch file for directories  in NS2. Clear Explanation about the patch creation is specified in the article named  "What's the diff?".

 dIff is used to evaluate the difference between the two files. 

 patch for a directory structure command:

diff -rau "old_directory" "modified_directory" > "patch_file"

r: recursive mode
a: All files as text
u: Output NUM (default 3) lines of unified context.

If you taking files difference in to consideration then remove r from the command

      diff -au "old_dir" "modified_dir" > "patch_file"

For more details please go to CLICK HERE 

NS2 With Eclipse IDE

Installation Steps:

1. Install Eclipse IDE   package named CDT.
2. you can find the package or whole eclipse IDE with CDT package here : CLICK HERE
3. Building  network simulator(Ns-2) using cygwin software in Windows. Please refer how to install cygwin in windows post in my blog. If you are not interested in windows then directly install eslipse in Linux . try to install all needed packages(gcc, tcl , perl ).
4. Give workspace name as ur NS-2 installed root folder path for eclipse.
5. Use Eclipse's C/C++ Perspective. 
6. Create a project for your ns2: "New" --> "C++ Project". Select the "Makefile project" --> "Empty project". Give the same ns2 sub directory name as the project name.
7. "Project" --> "Build All". Now you should be able to use Eclipse the Code/Compile/Debug ns2.

The most important feature you would get there is the "intellisense". Although Vi/Emacs both provide "Code completion", they are No-comparable -- "intellisense" has much more good features than "Code completion".

                                                                  Kudos to Ke Liu 

GPSR protocol installation in NS2

Problem Statement: 

Wireless is an autonomous system of mobile hosts, connected by wireless links that dynamically create a temporary network without a centralized and fixed infrastructure. The topology of the network may change unpredictably and frequently. Each and every node in the wireless system has a routing function and act as routers. If two movable nodes are located within the forwarding range, they communicate with each other directly over the wireless radio frequencies. Otherwise, they need intermediate node(s) to forward their datagrams using a multi-point hopping method. The tension between these two goals, responsiveness and bandwidth efficiency, is the essence of the mobile routing problem.

Solution: 

 GPSR is a reactive and efficient routing protocol for mobile and wireless networks. Unlike established routing algorithms before it, which use graph-theoretic notions of shortest paths and transitive reachability to find routes, GPSR exploits the association between geographic position and connectivity in a wireless network by using the positions of wireless mobile nodes to take packet forwarding decisions. It uses greedy forwarding technique to forward packets to nodes that are always  closer to the destination. In regions of the network where such a greedy path does not exist (i.e., the only path requires that one move temporarily farther away from the destination), GPSR recovers by forwarding in perimeter mode, in which a packet traverses successively closer faces of a planar subgraph of the full radio network connectivity graph, until reaching a node closer to the destination, where greedy forwarding resumes.

GPSR Publications:

Kim, Y.-J., Govindan, R., Karp, B., and Shenker, S., Geographic Routing Made Practical, to appear in the Proceedings of the Second USENIX/ACM Symposium on Networked System Design and Implementation (NSDI 2005), Boston, MA, May, 2005.

 Complete Information and Offical site for GPSR protocol stack : CLICK HERE

 GPSR Linux Installation software : CLICK HERE

 NS-2 Installation package with GPSR : CLICK HERE

GPSR explanation and  GPSR Tcl code  by Ke Liu : DOWNLOAD

Action column not working in Ext js

Hello pals,
                I just got a problem while implementing xtype:'actioncolumn' in ext js 3.4 version. the problem is icon class (image to render) not rendering to the grid column.
               I tried a bit and found soution.


Solution:
              Add dataIndex to it.  Generally in all the examples shown in ext js web site does not use data index for rendering action column xtype. Actually no need to specify that dataIndex but  i guess its a bug in ext js 3.4 .
              

      columns:[{
                header: 'D1',
                hidden: true,
                dataIndex: 'D10EOD',
                sortableColumns : false,
                hideable: false
            }

               {
                xtype: 'actioncolumn',
                icon: '/static/img/icon/edit.png', // your image path
                tooltip: 'edit page',
                align: 'center'

                dataIndex: 'editColumnField' // field in columns  

        }

// other columns 

]

Installation of video-streaming implementations for the ns-2 simulator

Hello ,
         You can find the complete Installation steps for Video Streaming Implementations in NS-2 here.
     
           
          Installation of video-streaming implementations for the ns-2 simulator - CLICK HERE

Clustering in NS2

How to Make clustering in NS2?

      Following are the steps to add clustering technique in your TCL file.

Step 1:
            Configure the node object to have address type as Hierarchical.   

# set up for hierarchical routing

$ns_ node-config -addressType hierarchical

Step 2:           No. of domains in the networking topology is 2

AddrParams set domain_num_ 2  ;    # number of domains

Step 3:

No. of clusters in each of these domains is defined as "2 1" which indicates the first domain (wired) to have 2 clusters and the second (wireless) to have 1 cluster.

lappend cluster_num 2 1 ;     # number of clusters in each domain

Step 4:

 The No. of nodes in each of these clusters which is "1 1 4"; i.e one node in each of the first 2 clusters (in wired domain) and 4 nodes in the cluster in the wireless domain

AddrParams set cluster_num_ $cluster_num

lappend eilastlevel 1 1 4 ;       # number of nodes in each cluster 

AddrParams set nodes_num_ $eilastlevel ;    # of each domain

Step 5: 

     Creation of topography which is nothing but networking area size defined in X && Y co-ordinates (Ex: Grid 1500 x 700)

# Create topography object

set topo   [new Topography]

# define topology

$topo load_flatgrid $opt(x) $opt(y)

$ns_ node-config -adhocRouting $opt(adhocRouting) \
                 -llType $opt(ll) \
                 -macType $opt(mac) \
         -topoInstance $topo \

Step 6: 
Consider creating nodes for wired Domain
#create nodes
set temp {0.0.0    0.1.0}        ;# hierarchical addresses for domain 1 (Consider it as Wired)
for {set i 0} {$i < $num_wired_nodes} {incr i} {
    set W($i) [$ns_ node [lindex $temp $i]] 
}

Step 7:
Consider creating nodes for Wireless domain
set temp {1.0.0   1.0.1   1.0.2   1.0.3}   ;# hier address to be used for wireless
#configure for mobile nodes
$ns_ node-config -wiredRouting OFF

  for {set j 0} {$j < $opt(nn)} {incr j} {
    set node_($j) [ $ns_ node [lindex $temp \
   [expr $j+1]] ]
    $node_($j) base-station [AddrParams addr2id \
   [$BS(0) node-addr]]
}

Step 8 :
              Please add the above relevant code in your TCL file. Take your Tcl code of any protocol used . Add the clustering code in ur tcl and see the result in NAM animator. the nodes will be in cluster based.

Wired-Cum-Wireless Communication in Cluster based Netwroks

HI all,
            This post is about wired and wireless combination in the networks . This uses domain based topology and uses clusters to create sub -domains.  Base station is the main domain and wired and wireless are sub domains.
                        

set opt(chan)           Channel/WirelessChannel    ;# channel type
set opt(prop)           Propagation/TwoRayGround   ;# radio-propagation model
set opt(netif)          Phy/WirelessPhy            ;# network interface type
set opt(mac)            Mac/802_11                 ;# MAC type
set opt(ifq)            Queue/DropTail/PriQueue    ;# interface queue type
set opt(ll)             LL                         ;# link layer type
set opt(ant)            Antenna/OmniAntenna        ;# antenna model
set opt(ifqlen)         50                         ;# max packet in ifq
set opt(nn)             3                          ;# number of mobilenodes
set opt(adhocRouting)   DSDV                       ;# routing protocol

set opt(cp)             ""                         ;# connection pattern file
set opt(sc)     "../mobility/scene/scen-3-test"    ;# node movement file.

set opt(x)      670                            ;# x coordinate of topology
set opt(y)      670                            ;# y coordinate of topology
set opt(seed)   0.0                            ;# seed for random number gen.
set opt(stop)   250                            ;# time to stop simulation

set opt(ftp1-start)      160.0
set opt(ftp2-start)      170.0

set num_wired_nodes      2
set num_bs_nodes         1

# check for boundary parameters and random seed
if { $opt(x) == 0 || $opt(y) == 0 } {
puts "No X-Y boundary values given for wireless topology\n"
}
if {$opt(seed) > 0} {
puts "Seeding Random number generator with $opt(seed)\n"
ns-random $opt(seed)
}

# create simulator instance
set ns_   [new Simulator]

# set up for hierarchical routing
$ns_ node-config -addressType hierarchical
AddrParams set domain_num_ 2           ;# number of domains
lappend cluster_num 2 1                ;# number of clusters in each domain
AddrParams set cluster_num_ $cluster_num
lappend eilastlevel 1 1 4              ;# number of nodes in each cluster 
AddrParams set nodes_num_ $eilastlevel ;# of each domain

set tracefd  [open wireless2-out.tr w]
set namtrace [open wireless2-out.nam w]
$ns_ trace-all $tracefd
$ns_ namtrace-all-wireless $namtrace $opt(x) $opt(y)

# Create topography object
set topo   [new Topography]

# define topology
$topo load_flatgrid $opt(x) $opt(y)

# create God
create-god [expr $opt(nn) + $num_bs_nodes]

#create wired nodes
set temp {0.0.0 0.1.0}        ;# hierarchical addresses for wired domain
for {set i 0} {$i < $num_wired_nodes} {incr i} {
    set W($i) [$ns_ node [lindex $temp $i]]
}
# configure for base-station node
$ns_ node-config -adhocRouting $opt(adhocRouting) \
                 -llType $opt(ll) \
                 -macType $opt(mac) \
                 -ifqType $opt(ifq) \
                 -ifqLen $opt(ifqlen) \
                 -antType $opt(ant) \
                 -propType $opt(prop) \
                 -phyType $opt(netif) \
                 -channelType $opt(chan) \
-topoInstance $topo \
                 -wiredRouting ON \
-agentTrace ON \
                 -routerTrace OFF \
                 -macTrace OFF
#create base-station node
set temp {1.0.0 1.0.1 1.0.2 1.0.3}   ;# hier address to be used for wireless
                                     ;# domain
set BS(0) [$ns_ node [lindex $temp 0]]
$BS(0) random-motion 0               ;# disable random motion

#provide some co-ord (fixed) to base station node
$BS(0) set X_ 1.0
$BS(0) set Y_ 2.0
$BS(0) set Z_ 0.0

# create mobilenodes in the same domain as BS(0)
# note the position and movement of mobilenodes is as defined
# in $opt(sc)

#configure for mobilenodes
$ns_ node-config -wiredRouting OFF

  for {set j 0} {$j < $opt(nn)} {incr j} {
    set node_($j) [ $ns_ node [lindex $temp \
   [expr $j+1]] ]
    $node_($j) base-station [AddrParams addr2id \
   [$BS(0) node-addr]]
}

#create links between wired and BS nodes

$ns_ duplex-link $W(0) $W(1) 5Mb 2ms DropTail
$ns_ duplex-link $W(1) $BS(0) 5Mb 2ms DropTail

$ns_ duplex-link-op $W(0) $W(1) orient down
$ns_ duplex-link-op $W(1) $BS(0) orient left-down

# setup TCP connections
set tcp1 [new Agent/TCP]
$tcp1 set class_ 2
set sink1 [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns_ attach-agent $node_(0) $tcp1
$ns_ attach-agent $W(0) $sink1
$ns_ connect $tcp1 $sink1
set ftp1 [new Application/FTP]
$ftp1 attach-agent $tcp1
$ns_ at $opt(ftp1-start) "$ftp1 start"

set tcp2 [new Agent/TCP]
$tcp2 set class_ 2
set sink2 [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns_ attach-agent $W(1) $tcp2
$ns_ attach-agent $node_(2) $sink2
$ns_ connect $tcp2 $sink2
set ftp2 [new Application/FTP]
$ftp2 attach-agent $tcp2
$ns_ at $opt(ftp2-start) "$ftp2 start"
# source connection-pattern and node-movement scripts
if { $opt(cp) == "" } {
puts "*** NOTE: no connection pattern specified."
        set opt(cp) "none"
} else {
puts "Loading connection pattern..."
source $opt(cp)
}
if { $opt(sc) == "" } {
puts "*** NOTE: no scenario file specified."
        set opt(sc) "none"
} else {
puts "Loading scenario file..."
source $opt(sc)
puts "Load complete..."
}
# Define initial node position in nam
for {set i 0} {$i < $opt(nn)} {incr i} {

    # 20 defines the node size in nam, must adjust it according to your
    # scenario
    # The function must be called after mobility model is defined

    $ns_ initial_node_pos $node_($i) 20
}  

# Tell all nodes when the simulation ends
for {set i } {$i < $opt(nn) } {incr i} {
    $ns_ at $opt(stop).0 "$node_($i) reset";
}
$ns_ at $opt(stop).0 "$BS(0) reset";

$ns_ at $opt(stop).0002 "puts \"NS EXITING...\" ; $ns_ halt"
$ns_ at $opt(stop).0001 "stop"
proc stop {} {
    global ns_ tracefd namtrace
#    $ns_ flush-trace
    close $tracefd
    close $namtrace
}
# informative headers for CMUTracefile
puts $tracefd "M 0.0 nn $opt(nn) x $opt(x) y $opt(y) rp \
$opt(adhocRouting)"
puts $tracefd "M 0.0 sc $opt(sc) cp $opt(cp) seed $opt(seed)"
puts $tracefd "M 0.0 prop $opt(prop) ant $opt(ant)"
puts "Starting Simulation..."
$ns_ run
                                                           Copyright (c) 1997 Regents of the University of California.

IMEP protocol

What is IMEP protocol?

               The primary purpose of the Internet MANET Encapsulation Protocol (IMEP) is to improve overall network performance by reducing the No. of network control packet broadcasts through encapsulation and aggregation of multiple MANET control packets (e.g. routing protocol packets, acknowledgements, link status sensing packets, ``network-level" address resolution, etc.) into larger IMEP messages. Usage of the IMEP is desirable because per-message, multiple access delay in contention-based schemes such as CSMA/CA, IEEE 802.11, FAMA etc. is significant, and thus favors the use of fewer, larger messages. It also may be useful in reservation-based, time-slotted access schemes where smaller packets must be aggregated into appropriately-sized IP packets for transmission in a given time slot. Upper Layer Protocols (ULP) *other than routing* may make use of this encapsulation functionality for the same purpose.

                     

                    you can find more here: An Internet MANET Encapsulation Protocol (IMEP) Specification

Compiling and Building NS2 project

Hello pals,

                This post comes after long time . This time i would like to tell you about compiling and building Ns-2 project. 

  Reasons for compilation:                     

1. Added new versions of xgraph , tcl/tk , nam , otcl , perl  etc... to the existing NS-2 project
2. Made any changes in the C++ files. like .cc files 
3. Added any patches to the existing NS-2 code 

Steps to be followed for compilation and build process

precondition: 

1.    Must and should posses C++ compiler (gcc package).

commands:   

• • cd into the Ns-2 directory(for example ~ns-allinone-2.xx/ns-2.xx)
  • run ./configure (./configure  try to auto-detect all the packages ns requires to build. Auto-detection checks sensible places (like /usr/local) and the directory above current direcory.)
  • run make

• Verification and validation:
  • ./validate